The Corrupt Social Structure Exposed in A Tale of Two Cities :: Tale Two Cities Essays

The Corrupt Social Structure Exposed in A Tale of Two Cities     Charles Dickens has been acclaimed as one of the best satirists of the nineteenth century. In his novel A Tale of Two Cities Dickens finds displacement with the societal structure of the society. A few of these social problems are the contrariety between the classes, the lunacy of the revolution, and the judicial system in effect as this time.   The first of the faults in the social structure of the society is the difference between the classes. It is non just the difference between the poor and rich but also between the rich and the royalty. While Monsieur the Marquis is driving through St. Antoine, he runs oer a child. All he does is toss a few gold coins out to the father and drives away. This is showing that all the aristocracy cares about is money. Another stake in the novel where Dickens shows the difference between the classes is when the Monseigneur is having his chocolate while eve ryone is waiting to speak with him. When he is done with his chocolate all he does is travel out and brushes past everyone else as if they are not there. This shows that all the higher aristocracy cares about is themselves.   Another fault the Dickens points out about the social structure in the society is the lunacy associated with the revolution. The way the people of St. Antoine get crazy from being in such a violent situation is the fault that is being described here. When the wood-sawyer starts talking about his saw as his little guillotine it shows that he is affected and is a typical revolutionary, with a ferocious regard for life. Another place where Dickens describes this revolution lunacy is when the crowd of five thousand demons come around the corner dancing to the Carmagnole, the song of the revolution. This shows that everyone who has a part in the revolution has become like one, a large mass of mindless people who only have death on their minds.   T he 3rd fault that Dickens wants to point out in the novel is the way the judicial system is corrupt. Throughout the novel Dickens mentions that any of

Medias Effect On Voters :: essays research papers

In our lazy nation today, most of the American citizen cast their need on what they see on the news. It is safe to say that the media primarily control peoples opinion on political issues. Unfortunately the worlds most developed nation dont arrest time to carefully pick their leaders in any level. While vast opportunity of research is available to the American citizen to carefully pick their candidates, they choose to go along with the with what the media tells them to do. It is the media that controls the nation, it is the media that selects the agenda, and it will be the media that selects the president. Media also gives vast amount of information to keep us up to date with the changing world. It is important to set the news, because news allows us to be up to date on current events. When it comes to keeping up with news, I usually tune to several different sources much(prenominal) as PBS and ABC. I choose to watch PBS and ABC because these sources generally gives the cold fa cts first, then allows journalist to give their opinion on definite issues. This is helpful because when the viewer knows the facts, they can relate their opinions to the opinions of the journalist. There are times when the media gets carried away with information, they allow their opinion to drive the fact, instead of the facts driving the opinion. This example was experienced in the case between President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky. The journalists opinions, not facts drove the nations though about the issue. After President Clinton testified in front of Mr. Starr we learned the cold facts. This is why I believe medias most important job is to inform the public.Medias job is to inform. Im not a viewst medias quest to make profit, but Im against it when media, the informer, gives untrue stories to catch ratings. What is the point of having a teacher who is interested in making money and forgetting about the most important thing, which is to teach children? In a nation that is so dependent on the media, it must be their duty to inform. The president himself is dependent on the media to keep up with the changing world. There must be other ways to gain ratings, but misinforming the public is not one of the options. That is why if I were to run for a public office, my primary link to the electorate would be CNN.

Enrons Fraudulent Accounting and Financial Information Essay -- essay

Published financial information is issued to meet the needs and demands of their users.These range from Shareholders who will total on what direction the company is heading, whether it has achieved healthy profits, that its solvent, the value of the company and possible signs of failure. Other users are the employees, who will want to check the statements to see whether their jobs are safety device and see if possible, whether there could be wage and pension increases. This report offers information on operating results and financial conditions of companies to stakeholders as hale as to shareholders. Any duplicitous financial reporting of a company like Enron for example would have a widespread and severe impact on employees, business acquaintances, investors as well as stakeholders and shareholders if the company went bankrupt. But are financial statements as truthful as they seem? There are many different types of safety measures in place to protect the investors and the public as a whole. These include Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (generally accepted accounting principles), Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) and Statements on Auditing Standards (SAS) and all professional ethics. The GAAP is a specific set of guide lines that companies follow when measuring and reporting information on their financial statements. During audits of any company it must be conducted annual by an external and independent auditor to ensure it follows GAAP consistently and if they do not, they have to explain why not, and present justifications to show that what they are doing is both(prenominal) ethical and appropriate in their situation. In the case of Enron they manipulated this by bolstering balance sheets with inflated asset values and dispersing their liabilities to... ... sold off their shares within a sixer month period to gullible investors who probably thought Enron was still a good company to invest in, especially after seeing the financial statements which were on the face of it falsified to attract them, but not knowing what was coming around the corner. If the general workforce ever found out there would have been general affright and the shares would have collapsed over night, leaving the executives with nothing but worthless paper. In the end it was greed of the highest order. In December 2001 Enron filed for bankruptcy with debts on its books of 13.1 jillion dollars, 18.1 billion on their subsidiaries and an estimated 20 billion of the balance sheets. This totalled in excess of 51 billion dollars. These figures are a clear indication of the needs to tighten up the overseeing of all company auditors both internal and external.

politics today :: essays research papers

What is politics? Throughout history, pack have participated in politics on some different levels. They may have participated through a direct democracy, in which they directly governed, or they may have participated through a representative democracy, in which they participated by electing representatives. As citizens, people have participated in politics to attain the things they needed or wanted, the valued things. Participation in politics has been the way that people have a voice and change the things that directly affect their lives. Throughout the course of history, politics has been the competition of ideas they decide who gets what, when, where and how. Politics is the means for attaining valued things. Although, valued things are different in every society, the means of securing those things has never changed. The competition for power, authority and trance will always be the backbone of politics. Applying power, authority and influence to the valued things that support the public good, will produce the quality of life a society desires. In the present day, citizens in the United States demand certain valued things such as welfare, education, safe streets and healthcare. Through politics, citizens can apply their power in many different ways to get the things they want. Power is the big businessman to get someone to do something they may or may not want to do. Through the use of or the application of coercion, persuasion, manipulation and negotiation, power is apply to influence the system. It would seem as if valued things, such as safe streets and healthcare, would already be established in a society such as ours. Using safe streets as an example, it is hard to believe a person would not support safe streets. But the discussion about safe streets is not exactly whether we want them or not. The disagreement on this topic, and most political topics, is how very much should be spent fiscally on achieving and maintaining safe streets. The questi on of how much money should be spent on what and where is usually decided by whomever or whatever has applied the most power, influence and authority. How active or torpid should the government be in getting valued things? Politics must be apply as the means of answering this question. Politics should be used to attain the things that the society needs most and should represent all of the people equally. In America today, there is a general, underlying equality that has been offered to everyone.

Free Hamlet Essays: Foils of Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

  Foils of village            In the classic play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a work that has and will test time. SS - 1 In this piece of work on that point are umteen characters that contribute as foils. A foil is a minor character in a literary work who by the similarities and differences in what the character does (compared to a more important character) or by simple sic being there for another character to talk to which helps the audience understand a more important character. SS - 1 There are many foils of the main character, Hamlet. Some of these foils of the main character include Hamlet and Ophelia, Hamlet and Horatio, and  sic      There are many reasons why Ophelia is a foil for Hamlet. If Ophelia was not in the play Hamlet would not devour a love and there really wouldnt be a love story in the play. They are both essentially the same affable class and the same age. Eventhough sic Hamlet is a princ e, Ophelia is close to him in social class because she is the daughter of Polonius, councilor to the king. They are both in the upper class. They both love each other. On the other hand, some of the differences are Hamlet is phallic and Ophelia is female. Also Hamlet is a little more on the crazy side than Ophelia. The importance of Ophelia in the story is to have a love for Hamlet and to have Hamlet talk to someone lovingly. This is why Ophelia is a foil of Hamlet. How does having Hamlet talk to someone lovingly relate to the theme of the play (or to the characterization of Hamlet)?      other foil of Hamlet is Horatio. Some similarities of Hamlet and Horatio are they are the same age and the same social class. Other similarities are that they are fellow students and basically best friends. Throughout the play there is no one closer to Hamlet than Horatio probably because they are such good friends. In the play Hamlet talks the most to Horatio which would be why he is considered one of Hamlets foils. Some of the differences are that Horatio is sane and Hamlet is considered crazy. Basically, that is the only difference between the two. The importance of Horatio in the play is to be a best friend who Hamlet can come to and talk about what is going on in his life.

Free Hamlet Essays: Foils of Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

  Foils of juncture            In the classic play Hamlet by William Shakespeargon is a work that has and will test time. SS - 1 In this piece of work there are many characters that contribute as foils. A foil is a tike character in a literary work who by the similarities and differences in what the character does (compared to a more important character) or by simple sic universe there for a nonher character to dialogue to which helps the audience understand a more important character. SS - 1 There are many foils of the of import character, Hamlet. Some of these foils of the main character include Hamlet and Ophelia, Hamlet and Horatio, and  sic      There are many reasons why Ophelia is a foil for Hamlet. If Ophelia was not in the play Hamlet would not have a spang and there really wouldnt be a love story in the play. They are both basically the same well-disposed class and the same geezerhood. Eventhough sic Hamlet is a prince, Ophelia is close to him in social class because she is the daughter of Polonius, councilor to the king. They are both in the upper class. They both love each other. On the other hand, some of the differences are Hamlet is male and Ophelia is female. Also Hamlet is a little more on the crazy side than Ophelia. The immenseness of Ophelia in the story is to have a love for Hamlet and to have Hamlet talk to someone lovingly. This is why Ophelia is a foil of Hamlet. How does having Hamlet talk to someone lovingly relate to the theme of the play (or to the characterization of Hamlet)?      Another foil of Hamlet is Horatio. Some similarities of Hamlet and Horatio are they are the same age and the same social class. Other similarities are that they are fellow students and basically best friends. Throughout the play there is no one closer to Hamlet than Horatio probably because they are such good friends. In the play Hamlet talks the most to Horatio whi ch would be why he is considered one of Hamlets foils. Some of the differences are that Horatio is sane and Hamlet is considered crazy. Basically, that is the only difference between the two. The importance of Horatio in the play is to be a best friend who Hamlet can accompany to and talk about what is going on in his life.

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay

Introduction and Overview of Topic As the world becomes increasingly globalised, we observe a rising trend where undivideds move for studyal and economic opportunities. The prestige of being educated in a highly ranked university and the prospects of higher paying jobs be definitely important pull factors for twain indispensable and international migration (Welch, 1970). When peck move, they withal transfer the use of their existing lingual repertoire to their soldiers bucolic. However, what might have been effective at crime syndicate might be interpreted distinguishablely when placed in different socioeconomic contexts.Hence, the relative encourage of linguistic repertoire unitary possesses and how mobile ar ones linguistic process skills in the world determines how a migrant interacts with a new community. Consequently, this paper seeks to provide insight on how the relative valuate of linguistic re reference works affects ones mobility and decisions in commun ity interactions. Drawing on Blommaerts study on the sociolinguistics of globalisation, this discussion will focus on how an individuals linguistic repertoire is being used to ones advantage at bottom the community.It also highlights the changes which occur when one attempts to transfer the same linguistic repertoire as the shift to a place of varying cultural and linguistic ability. As Blommaert suggests, placed resources are resources that are functional in one particular place but whoremaster become dysfunctional as soon as they are moved to other places (Blommaert, 2003). Essentially, this essay seeks to expound on the changes of ones linguistic repertoire and how it affects ones interactions with new communities resulting from migration.Linguistic repertoire refers to linguistic varieties acquired by an individual to different degrees of proficiency and for different uses (Crystal, 1990). The acquisition of linguistic repertoire thus extends non besides to the procurement o f different types of language codes same(p) English and Hindi, but also the speech styles and genres indoors each language. In light of this definition, this paper chooses to trace how ones use of language repertoire might change in the context of internal migration andinternational migration.With this in mind, a migrant from India who experienced both types of migration was chosen. India boasts twenty-two decreed languages as per the Constitution of India, where English is determined as the secondary official language and is used as lingua franca throughout India. Within the context of this paper, the experiences of the migrant serve to provide personal insight on language mobility within the transmigrational arena.Research methodology and background of intervieweeWith this in mind, a fifty minute interview was carried out on 16th October 2012 to gather substantial data in social club to provide a comparison between internal and international migration. The sole participant is Joshua Cherian, aged 24 who is currently pursuing a graduate(prenominal) education in Singapore. He was born and raised in Kerala, Southern India, after which he moved to Jamshedpur, Northern India to pursue a tertiary education before working in New Delhi. He was taught English at a young age and learnt Hindi during university, while his mother tongue is Malayalam.During the interview, questions were asked ranging from the interviewees experiences of language acquisition and his experiences in India and Singapore to language policies in India. Utilising his personal insights on adapting to different communities and observing it through the concepts provided in Blommaerts study, the relative value of linguistic repertoire consequently becomes more obvious not only from country to country but also within different areas of the community. address repertoire in internal migration.Within India, it is said to have a de-facto three plus minus one language policy. Those who neither spea k the language of the pronounce nor the two official languages, English and Hindi, now have to grapple with learning four languages in order to pass the school systems and secure jobs within the new(a) sector (Laitin. D, 1989). Consequently, many people who migrate in the pursuit of education or jobs find it necessary to expand their language repertoire in order to compete for the chance of upward socioeconomic mobility within India. Joshua notes thatThere is a divide between the corporate world and industrial world, where managers and people in transnational companies speak in english, but those in manufacturing speak Hindi in work. In the north of India eachone speaks Hindi, so I had to learn Hindi. When I worked in Delhi, I spoke aroundly Hindi in my workplace, because I am a manager of labourers and those who just passed tenth standard, they just need to make something so they wearyt need English. People who do software need to interact with clients overseas, so it is impor tant for them to speak English. Due the demands of his job, Joshua was required to expand his language repertoire to include fluent Hindi in order to communicate with his subordinates effectively. Although English could have sufficed in interacting with white-collar professionals, learning Hindi would have enabled Joshua to ensure a smooth running of operations that he was in charge with. As such, it is observed that migrants tend to expand their language repertoire within internal migration tally to which languages are most(prenominal) functional within their community. Furthermore, an expansion of linguistic repertoire also affects ones interaction the community.As immigrants acquire proficiency in more languages, there is a tendency to broaden their participation in various communities within the area that they have settled in. This is especially evident in Joshuas recount In India you would have to know many languages in order to fit into different communities. University stud ents will use English because it is prestigious. It shows you are headspring educated. Outside of the education system, everyone speaks their own dialect or their own state language. I used to hang out with many friends when I was studying in Jamshedpur who came from all over India.I also managed to become my student governing bodys president, so speaking the many languages helped me reach out to a lot of people. Even though migrants who migrate within their home country experience a new environment, there are common cultural familiarities that they can relate to by being in the same country. Naturally, this allows them to assimilate into the communities easily since they already share similar cultural and national identities. Rather, this pre-existing factor enables immigrants like Joshua to interact with different groups of people.Such a preference is also extremely beneficial to an individual within a new community as they are able to called upon a large network of acquaintance s should they need help in the future. Hence, the broadening of ones interaction with many communities would be positively correspond to the acquisition of language repertoire because both serve the same purpose of helping the migrant assimilate well into the new environment they are in. Language Repertoire in International Migration In contrast to internal migration, ones use of language repertoire might decrease across different geographical spaces.It is noted that international migration denotes a shift to a foreign culture in which the values placed upon certain languages is different from ones original country. As such, many migrants would utilise a language within their repertoire that is widely used in the world. Joshua relates his experience moving from India to Singapore When I first arrived in Singapore, everything was easy for me to get used to because I was already proficient in English. Even if I needed help, I could just approaching anyone and they would reply me in English.I bustt even Hindi anymore because the friends and people I meet with speak only in English. possibly it is because there are so many races here so communication needs to be in a common language. Although I have friends from India here, they neer speak in their mother tongue Everyone would rather speak in English than Hindi Despite Joshuas extensive language repertoire, he only speaks in English in Singapore, thereby showing a decrease in language repertoire employed in daily life. In most cases of international migration, migrants often move from the periphery to the core of the world system.As one attempts to transfer ones language repertoire from one country to another, the languages employed more frequently within the core global system would be more mobile compared to other languages. In particular, because Singapore is a multi-racial community, it requires English as a lingua franca in order to achieve cohesiveness and efficiency. Consequently, rather than expanding ones linguistic repertoire to gain access to every community, a migrant in Singapore need only focus on speaking proficient English, which subsequently narrows his language repertoire within the host country.Parallel to ones decrease in language repertoire, it is observed that migrants narrow their participation to a few communities that they are comfortable with. While migrants who migrate internally tend to broaden their participation in a wide array of communities, people who migrate internationally prefer to focus their efforts in interacting with a particular community where they feel most comfortable with. Joshua, expresses that I like to be in a place where I can interact with people well. When I came to Singapore, everybody spoke Singlish.It was especially hard for me to understand the jokes of my Singaporean friends. Thats why I wanted to be in a Christian group, so I went around to look for churches and even joined the varsity Christian fellowship. Then I found a church cell group to be in and we could talk about common things, at least everyone there understands what I am going through when I talk about my struggles and life. I dont meet with the Indian community much because everyone here speaks English anyway and I am more comfortable speaking in English, so when I talk about God and faith, I dont get any puzzled looks when I am with church people.For most immigrants, being in a foreign community could be unsettling because there exists stark differences in culture that they might not understand. In Joshuas case, not being able to understand Singlish hindered his active participation in various communities, especially in understanding humour within the sociocultural context of Singaporean society. As such, by participating in communities with specific shared beliefs that the migrant can identify with, it could be easier for him to assimilate into a new environment.Communities with shared beliefs also tend to share a similar use of register in th eir daily speech. Drawing on Joshuas case of finding a christian community, a christian setting could be more comfortable for him because he understands the semantics of words such as communion and faith used frequently in that community. Additionally, by narrowing ones participation to few communities, individuals would have more time to spend more effort on forging adpressed relationships within a particular communities.This in turn could be more beneficial to the migrant as this niche area of society provides a source of emotional support for the migrant in order to cope with the anxiety of being away from home. Conclusion What Joshua has experienced demonstrates the constant change of the value of language resources as he shifts between places in migration. This relative value of ones linguistic resources is largely due to cultural and socioeconomic factors that have shape the community to place emphasis on certain languages and speech styles.As such, an immigrants increase or decrease language repertoire is largely affected by the placed importance of certain languages within their host communities. In conclusion, this paper has asserts that language mobility is profoundly affected by the changing values of linguistic resources which vary from place to place, especially when there is a shift of resources from the periphery to the core of the world system. Whether one participates in a wide number of communities or chooses to focus their efforts in a single community depends on a change in ones use of his language repertoire.References 0. Blommaert, J. (2003). Commentary A Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/4, 2003 607-623 0. Crystal, D. (1990). A Liturgical Language in a Sociolinguistic Perspective. In D. & R. C. D. Jasper (eds),Language and the worship of the church (Basingstoke Macmillan), 120-46 0. Laitin D. D. (1989). Language Policy and Political schema in India. Policy Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, Policymaking in Dev eloping Countries (1989), pp. 415-436 0. Welch F. (1970). Education in Production, Journal of Political Economy, 78 (1), January/February, 35-59.

Implement Person Centred Approaches Essay

1.1 The purpose of somebody-centred values is to ensure that the good user needing care is placed at the very centre of the finis making process slightly their life, the services and support they want and need. 1.2The service user is forever and a day placed in the centre of the externalizening of the care programme required, in that they will always be consulted and that there views will always come first. Therefore the plan is made for the service user, and it should include all aspects of care, from the Social and Health Services, from that service users family and from the unpaid worker sector. The service user will then always be provided with the best care and feel safe and included with their best interests. 1.3 The somebody centred approach to find includes making an assessment with the people involved in the plan such as the service user, their relatives and other professionals. Risk taking is part of a someone centred approach as this controls the service user to hav e choices about what they want to do in their lives as well as to be part of their community. not allowing individual(a)s to take risks can have a negative impact on an service users life to not live it as they want.Read more Person centred values definition essay1.4 To be person centred the service user essential always be at the centre of their care plan. Service users must always to be consulted and their views must always come first. No two care plans are are the same because each service user is contrasting from another. Service users should be involved at every stage of their care plan, from deciding who to involve, how to meet the service users needs, the support required and how to feedback on how the care plan is working. 3.1It is always important to establish the apply of the service user when providing any care or support. This is essential to include that service user with any decision making, in order to ensure that they do not feel left out or ignored, this way the y can understand and agree to their care and support. 3.3If consent cannot be established I would discuss the problem with management and, if necessary, the individuals doctor and advocate. I would also make a record of this, which I would sign and date.4.1Active participation benefits the service user because that person is always made to feel that they are alwaysm important, and that things are done for their benefit, with their consent. This ensures a positive approach for the individual that makesthem an alert part of how they choose to live and puts them first and in control. 4.2 The possible barriers to active participation could be the emotions, the disabilities, and the attitudes of the service users involved, all of these these things can decrease active participation by the service user in any activity.5.3Workers personal views should not influence an service users choices as they are not facts and can sort out a get togetherst against the service users choices. This may decrease the encouragement and self confidence of the service user, they could then loose trust in the worker. They would not be working to the service users best interests. 5.4.It is important to encourage questions through discussions with the service user, we as support workers are there to listen to them, we need to make them aware of the policies and procedures, their rights and complaints procedures. Also, they need to be aware of any avocates they may wish to know about. 6.1 Self A service users identity is how we recognise their potential and their own personal qualities.Self treasure This is how the service user values themself.Well-being This is the general mental and physical health of the service user, their needs must be met in a physical, emotional, tender and interllectual basis.The links between are the effects of possible discrimination, abuse, lack of services. All of these things can reduce levels of self-confidence and self-esteem, affecting the service use rs emotional health.6.2 Treating each person as an individual is important as a support worker, we must be aware of the service users feelings and keeping the privacy, and maintaining their dignity as well as respect for their religious, spiritual or cultural beliefs. We must work in partnership with other organisations and health professionals to achieve realistic goals. We need to encourage individuals to gain self-esteem and listen to encourage to also develop their independance.

Consumer Perception on Hero Moto Corp

A Study on consumer perception towards HERO MotoCorp bikes and after sales work provided in Chennai city A Project proposal (Submitted by R. Sethuraman, Roll No 0906MBA0547 Reg No 68210250011) 1. 1 PRIMARY OBJECTIVES * To fail consumer perception towards Hero Honda take bikes * To get feed back on what consumer expects from Hero Honda * To analyze consumer perception towards services offered by Hero Honda andperformance of the motor cycle. 1. 2 SECONDARY OBJECTIVES To analyze the buying ratio of the various products by guest and to identify the top rated products/bikes and which of the service satisfies them. * To identify the various features of bikes those are expected by most of the customers succession buying the ii wheelers. * To get the statistics on satisfaction ratio of the customers on the hero Honda products and services who owns hero Honda bikes. 1. 3 NEED OF THE STUDY Nowadays two wheelers become very important thing which is very convenient vehicle in highly traffi c cities like Chennai.So many leading companies are at that place in this field like tvs, bajaj, yamaha, and etc, but Hero Honda / Hero moto corp is one of the most successful enterprise for past 25 years. The study describes how this connect is differing from other providers and why people go for it. Also it brings the various statistic results on the buying ratio. 1. 4 FRAME WORK OF DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS Data summary is seen to be series of distinct action * Formulate data analysis goals. * State assumption about data measurement * Specify the hypothesis tell apart the appropriate statistical test * Determine the significant level and decision rules. * Calculate the test statistics * Observe the critical value of the test statistics from the statistical table. * shine up necessary inferences. 1. 5 DELIVERABLES * The study helps to understand the level of awareness and perception of the customers towards Hero Honda bikes. * It also provides the information related to the source of awareness and the factors that influence the customer decision making, which is very useful for the Hero motocorp to capture the market.

Challenges of Hong Kong Essay

Topic Challenges of Hong Kongs full service airlines facing today This essay examines the challenges faced by Hong Kongs full service airlines nowadays. Air transportation serves non only to encourage trade and growth in the tourism industry in Hong Kong, but to a fault to improve peoples mobility and to form a modern society. In this essay, full service airline is defined as traditional airline that provides run such as allocated seat, transfer of baggage between flights, blankets and meals. estimable service airlines suffer several challenges in the aspect of production cost for developing move outline and competition with low-cost airlines nowadays. For this reason, I would like to investigate the challenges in depth according to the above aspects and figure out possible solutions.Challenge 1 Low-cost airline invasionIn recent years, the airline industry has undergone a revolution ca subroutined by the growth in population of low-cost carriers, which ar airlines that provide discounted f bes and no-frills service to passengers, and the increase in the number of low-cost carriers ca subroutined a huge growth in departure and arrival of regional airports and naturalized a brand new market in short-break tourism. While low-cost airlines are gaining an increased market share within the industry, the full-service airlines are struggling. Numbers of full-service airlines are on the edge of bankruptcy, and some even had to sign agreements or mergers to ensure their long-run existence.To fence with the no-frills airlines, some full service airlines had set up their own low-cost subsidiary, but a few of them ended up in operational losses, forced to sell their subsidiary. Pels (2008) describes full service airlines as aiming to extend quality, whereas no-frills carriers aim to keep costs low. He states that although it whitethorn be difficult for low-cost airlines to earn money on ticket sales, they may gain profit on board by selling snacks and beverages, an d from the airports depart from or land on. Moreover, most low-cost airlines promote themselves for their transparency in the price system, thus keeping air travel remarkably affordable, despite the high cost of jet fuel.As low-fare airlines invades the airline industry, full service airlines will not only encounter fare pressure, but will also have to progressivelyfight with the upstarts for takeoff, landing slots and gate space in Hong Kong or different crowded airports in Asia. In regularize to encounter this challenge, the airline should emphasize on the services it provides, and focus on improving their flights operations both in the air and on the ground, utilizing optimum flight management procedures and providing customers with sustainable products and services, in order to compete with the rising trend of low-cost airlines.Challenge 2 Managing destinationsFull service airlines use the Hub and Spoke System, which enables passengers to travel from one smaller city to anothe r smaller city via a hub or even two hubs. This system not only service more cities at a lower cost, but also maximizes passenger loads, thus saving fuels. Low-cost airlines use guile little point-to-point networks, as they operate routes which originate or end at a major airport, which allows them to enter any market they see fit. Thus, if the route turns out to be unprofitable, the low-cost carrier will close it down. According to Pels (2008), full service airlines cannot easily withdraw from a market, even if it is hardly profitable, because a full-service carriers link between a hub airport and spoke airport serves many different indirect markets. If this route is closed because of the decrease in load part due to competition on the market between the hub airports and spoke airports, passengers and profits, in all other markets using this link are lost.According to a be by the Company Barclaycard, a relatively plumping number of the stemma travellers (71%) used low-cost air lines for business trips. This indicates that passenger preferences may be shifting to low-cost, less service airlines. The low-cost carrier draw offs passengers from the full-service airlines, thus causes competition and reduces load factors and profits for the full-service airlines. In order to solve this problem, full-service airlines can offer more low-fare tickets on short-haul routes, and use short-haul routes as feeders for the global markets where they make most profits. Even though the competition for indirect travellers is very intense, they will allow conventional airlines to maintain a large network with relatively high frequencies.Challenge 3 Investment on the advanced technologyWith the rapid development in advanced technologies and popular use in mobile gadgets, reserving a seat on the plane is just one click ahead. Simply by browsing the website of their desired airline, customers will be able to get all the relevant information they will need to plan their trip, in cluding the list of fares in specific dates and allocation of the seats on the aircraft. In addition, systems like automatic airport check-ins and ticketless air travel are getting more popular, and will be the future trends in the airline industry. Therefore, in order to provide the passengers accessibility in online reservations and to build up the image of a green airline, investments are needed to be made on improving the systems.Acknowledging the numerous benefits provided by the internet, airlines have been investing resources in their websites. Standing (2000) claimed that the Web has changed from pushing firms and services to pulling clients into value-added opportunities that a company provides. Airlines do not only compete among each other, they also compete with online travel agents such as Expedia. Thus, to solve this challenge, the airlines should entice travellers to book their trips via the airlines website, by providing extra benefits to customers when they purchase online. consequenceTo summarize, the challenges that full service airlines in Hong Kong faced are the rising of low-cost airlines, the managing of destinations and huge investments made on developing and improving the systems for reservation and check-ins. It is crucial for airlines to gain that when passengers purchase an airline seat, they are not just paying for a seat in the aircraft they also purchase the service behind. In order to attract a consumers attention, benefits or attributes of using full service airlines and low cost carriers such as price, safety, network connections, and service will be important.REFERENCESbarrel maker C. and et al. (1999) Tourism Principles and Practice, 2nd ed., Longman Publishing Harlow. Driver, J. (1999). Developments in airline marketing practice. 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Retrieved November 6, 2014 from http//www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-13/asias-budget-airline-invasion-cathay-pacific-defends-hong-kong